Ds3231 rtc usage

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- 8th September 2015, 21:31
gunayburak

Ds3231 rtc usage

Hello everyone ;

I'm trying to get my DS3231 working but no luck so far ... I've read already posted threads about this IC but they don't help ..

Here is the code I'm using on PIC16f628A

Code:

'**************************************************************** '* Name : RTC.BAS * '* Author : Burak Günay * '* Notice : Copyright (c) 2015 [select VIEW...EDITOR OPTIONS] * '* : All Rights Reserved * '* Date : 8/9/2015 * '* Version : 1.0 * '* Notes : REAL TIME CLOCK WITH DS3231 * '* : * '**************************************************************** #config __config _INTRC_OSC_NOCLKOUT & _WDT_ON & _PWRTE_ON & _MCLRE_OFF & _BODEN_ON & _LVP_OFF & _CP_OFF #endconfig '------------------------------------------------------------------------- Define OSC 4 DEFINE LCD_EREG PORTA 'LCD Enable port DEFINE LCD_EBIT 6 'LCD Enable port pin DEFINE LCD_RSREG PORTA 'LCD RS port DEFINE LCD_RSBIT 7 'LCD RS port pin define LCD RWREG PORTA 'LCD R/W port define LCD_RWBIT 4 'LCD R/W port pin DEFINE LCD_DREG PORTB 'LCD data port DEFINE LCD_DBIT 4 'LCD data port starts from pin x DEFINE LCD_BITS 4 'LCD bus size 4 or 8 DEFINE LCD_LINES 2 'LCD lines '------------------------------------------------------------------------- '------------------------------------------------------------------------- PORTA=%00000000 : PORTB=%00000000 CMCON=%00000111 'Comparators off OPTION_REG.7=0 'INTERNAL WEAK PULL-UPS OF PORTB ARE ENABLED. TRISA=%00000000 : TRISB=%00000000 '------------------------------------------------------------------------- '------------------------------------------------------------------------- SDA VAR PORTB.0 SCL VAR PORTB.1 '------------------------------------------------------------------------- i var byte q var byte[7] tens var byte units var byte tmp var byte '------------------------------------------------------------------------- lcdout $FE,1 pause 1000 Q[0]=0 Q[1]=50 Q[2]=20 Q[3]=1 Q[4]=8 Q[5]=9 Q[6]=15 GOSUB TOBCD i2cwrite sda,scl,%11010000,$00,Q[0],Q[1],Q[2],Q[3],Q[4],Q[5],Q[6] pause 500 MAIN:'>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010001,$00,Q[0],Q[1],Q[2],Q[3],Q[4],Q[5],Q[6] GOSUB TODEC LCDOUT $FE,$80, DEC2 Q[2],":",DEC2 Q[1],":",DEC2 Q[0] LCDOUT $FE,$C0, DEC2 Q[4],":",DEC2 Q[5],":",DEC2 Q[6] GOTO MAIN'<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '******************************DECIMAL TO BCD*********************************** TOBCD: 'Conversion to BCD for i=0 to 6 TMP = Q[i] DIG 1 'Get TENS to temp variable TENS = TMP << 4 UNITS = Q[i] DIG 0 'Get UNITS to units variable Q[i] = TENS + UNITS next i RETURN '**************************BCD TO DECIMAL SYSTEM******************************** TODEC: for i=0 to 6 TMP = Q[i] & %01110000 TENS = TMP >> 4 UNITS = Q[i] & %00001111 Q[i] = TENS * 10 + UNITS next i RETURN '*******************************************************************************

Where do I make the mistake .. I've read its datasheet and wrote a code accordingly step by step but there must be something I'm missing .. By the way I supply the pic and the DS3231 with 5V

Thanks in advance
- 8th September 2015, 23:27
richard

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

I've read already posted threads about this IC but they don't help ..

probably not a good idea to keep starting new threads then . whats the history ? what has been tried and failed ?

so we start again at the beginning

what is the actual problem ?
do you have a accurate schematic of your setup ?
do you have suitable pullup resistors ?
can you flash a led with your pic ? do the scl,sda pins do anything ?
do you have a oscilloscope or a logic analyser to check output ?
have you tried to read the command and status regs of the ds3231 (0x0e,0x0f) ? if so what do you get ?
is the ds3231 osc running ?
- 9th September 2015, 04:02
MichelJasmin

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

I think each I2C call address must be passed trought a variable:

Code:

I2C_Adr = $0F I2C_NACK = 0 I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTC_Reg], I2CNACK

I've made an include file to deal with my DS3231 if you are interested:

Code:

'**************************************************************** '* Name : ..\_INCLUDE\DS3231.PBP * '* Author : Michel Jasmin * '* Notice : NOT Copyright (c) 2015 Michel Jasmin * '* : All Rights NOT Reserved * '* Date : 2015-04-11 * '* Version : 1.0 * '* Notes : * '* : * '**************************************************************** GOTO OverDS3231 'ToDo: Alias pins 'RTC_SDA Var PORTA.4 'RTC_SCL Var PORTA.5 '------------ Const ------------------------- AL1_OpS CON %00001111 'once per second AL1_S CON %00001110 'when seconds match AL1_MS CON %00001100 'when minutes and seconds match AL1_HMS CON %00001000 'when hours, minutes and seconds match AL1_DtHMS CON %00000000 'when DATE, hours, minutes and seconds match AL1_DayHMS CON %00010000 'when DAY, hours, minutes and seconds match AL2_OpM CON %00001110 'once per minute AL2_M CON %00001100 'when minutes match AL2_HM CON %00001000 'when hours and minutes match AL2_DtHM CON %00000000 'when DATE, hours and minutes match AL2_DayHM CON %00010000 'when DAY, hours and minutes match '------------ Variables ------------------------- RTCYear Var Byte RTCMonth Var Byte RTCDate Var Byte RTCDay Var Byte RTCHour Var Byte RTCMin Var Byte RTCSec Var Byte RTCCtrl Var Byte HexValue var byte DecValue var byte I2C_Adr VAR BYTE I2C_Flags VAR BYTE I2C_NACK VAR I2C_Flags.0 'General Register variable RTC_Reg var byte 'Aliases for Control Register @ $0E 'EOSC BBSQW CONV RS2 RS1 INTCN A2IE A1IE RTC_EOsc var RTC_Reg.7 'Enable Oscillator RTC_BBSQW var RTC_Reg.6 'Battery-Backed Square-Wave Enable RTC_CONV var RTC_Reg.5 'Convert Temperature RTC_RS2 var RTC_Reg.4 'Rate Select RTC_RS1 var RTC_Reg.3 'Rate Select RTC_INTCN var RTC_Reg.2 'Interrupt Control RTC_A2IE var RTC_Reg.1 'Alarm 2 Interrupt Enable RTC_A1IE var RTC_Reg.0 'Alarm 1 Interrupt Enable 'Aliases for Status Register @ $0F 'OSF x x x EN32kHz BSY A2F A1F RTC_OSF var RTC_Reg.7 'Oscillator Stop Flag RTC_EN32kHz var RTC_Reg.3 'Enable 32kHz Output RTC_BSY var RTC_Reg.2 'Busy RTC_A2F var RTC_Reg.1 'Alarm 2 Flag RTC_A1F var RTC_Reg.0 'Alarm 1 Flag ' Subroutine to write time to RTC SetTime: I2C_NACK = 0 I2C_Adr = $00 I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDay, RTCDate, RTCMonth, RTCYear], I2CNACK RETURN ' Subroutine to read time from RTC GetTime: I2C_NACK = 0 I2C_Adr = $00 I2CRead RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDay, RTCDate, RTCMonth, RTCYear], I2CNACK RETURN SetAlarm1: 'Usage: ' ' set values to RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, [RTCDay | RTCDate] ' ' RTC_Reg = AL1_HMS 'Set alarm type ' gosub SetAlarm1 HSEROUT2 ["Alarm1 at: ", hex2 RTCDate, " ", hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2 RTCMin, ":", hex2 RTCSec, 13, 10] 'HSEROUT2 ["RTC_Reg = ", bin8 RTC_Reg, 13, 10] I2C_Adr = $07 I2C_NACK = 0 RTCSec.7 = RTC_Reg.0 'A1M1 RTCMin.7 = RTC_Reg.1 'A1M2 RTCHour.7 = RTC_Reg.2 'A1M3 'Test A1M4 if RTC_Reg.3 = 1 then 'alarm by time only 'Get the alarm1 date ' I2C_Adr = $0A ' I2CRead SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCDate], I2CNACK RTCDate.7 = RTC_Reg.3 'A1M4 RTCDate.6 = 0 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDate], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm1 by time only", 13, 10] 'HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDate, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, ":", bin8 RTCSec, 13, 10] else 'alarm by time and (DAY or DATE) if RTC_Reg.4 = 1 then 'alarm by DAY RTCDay.7 = 0 'A1M4 RTCDay.6 = 1 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDay], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm1 by DAY", 13, 10] 'HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDay, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, ":", bin8 RTCSec, 13, 10] else 'alarm by DATE RTCDate.7 = 0 'A1M4 RTCDate.6 = 0 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDate], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm1 by DATE", 13, 10] 'HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDate, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, ":", bin8 RTCSec, 13, 10] endif endif RETURN SetAlarm2: 'Usage: ' ' set values to RTCMin, RTCHour, [RTCDay | RTCDate] ' ' RTC_Reg = AL1_HMS 'Set alarm type ' gosub SetAlarm1 HSEROUT2 ["Alarm2 at: ", hex2 RTCDate, " ", hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2 RTCMin, 13, 10] I2C_Adr = $0B I2C_NACK = 0 RTCMin.7 = RTC_Reg.1 'A1M2 RTCHour.7 = RTC_Reg.2 'A1M3 'Test A1M4 if RTC_Reg.3 = 1 then 'alarm by time only RTCDate.7 = RTC_Reg.3 'A1M4 RTCDate.6 = 0 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDate], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm2 by time only", 13, 10] ' HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDate, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, 13, 10] else 'alarm by time and (DAY or DATE) if RTC_Reg.4 = 1 then 'alarm by DAY RTCDay.7 = 0 'A1M4 RTCDay.6 = 1 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDay], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm2 by DAY", 13, 10] ' HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDay, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, 13, 10] else 'alarm by DATE RTCDate.7 = 0 'A1M4 RTCDate.6 = 0 'DY/DT! I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDate], I2CNACK HSEROUT2 ["alarm2 by DATE", 13, 10] ' HSEROUT2 [" at: ", bin8 RTCDate, " ", bin8 RTCHour, ":", bin8 RTCMin, 13, 10] endif endif RETURN 'GetAlarm1: ' I2C_Adr = $07 ' I2CRead RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTCSec, RTCMin, RTCHour, RTCDay, RTCDate], I2CNACK ' RETURN ReadControlRegister: I2C_Adr = $0E I2C_NACK = 0 I2CRead RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTC_Reg], I2CNACK return WriteControlRegister: I2C_Adr = $0E I2C_NACK = 0 I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTC_Reg], I2CNACK return ReadStatusRegister: I2C_Adr = $0F I2C_NACK = 0 I2CRead RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTC_Reg], I2CNACK return WriteStatusRegister: I2C_Adr = $0F I2C_NACK = 0 I2CWrite RTC_SDA, RTC_SCL, $D0, I2C_Adr, [RTC_Reg], I2CNACK return I2CNACK: I2C_NACK = 1 RETURN Hex2BCD: DecValue = 10 * (HexValue >> 4) DecValue = DecValue + (HexValue & $0F) return BCD2Hex: HexValue = (DecValue DIG 0) + ((DecValue DIG 1) << 4) return OverDS3231:

Usage:

Code:

'Init gosub ReadStatusRegister RTC_OSF = 0 RTC_EN32kHz = 1 RTC_A2F = 0 RTC_A1F = 0 gosub WriteStatusRegister RTC_Reg = %00000100 'RTC_EOsc var RTC_Reg.7 'Enable Oscillator 'RTC_BBSQW var RTC_Reg.6 'Battery-Backed Square-Wave Enable 'RTC_CONV var RTC_Reg.5 'Convert Temperature 'RTC_RS2 var RTC_Reg.4 'Rate Select 'RTC_RS1 var RTC_Reg.3 'Rate Select 'RTC_INTCN var RTC_Reg.2 'Interrupt Control 'RTC_A2IE var RTC_Reg.1 'Alarm 2 Interrupt Enable 'RTC_A1IE var RTC_Reg.0 'Alarm 1 Interrupt Enable gosub WriteControlRegister ' Set initial time to 2014-01-01 8:02:01, day 4 RTCYear = $14 RTCDay = $04 RTCMonth = $01 RTCDate = $01 RTCHour = $08 RTCMin = 2 RTCSec = 1 Gosub SetTime ' Set the time 'Set Alarm 1 RTCHour = 2 RTCMin = 0 RTCSec = 0 RTC_Reg = AL1_MS gosub SetAlarm1
- 9th September 2015, 10:30
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Let me get this straight ...

A read op from DS3231 must be in this form I think ...

i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010001,$00,var

Am I mistaken ?
- 9th September 2015, 10:33
richard

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

from the book

Quote:

I2CREAD DataPin, ClockPin, Control,{Address,}[Var{,Var...}]{,Label}
- 9th September 2015, 15:38
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by richard

from the book

Indeed from the book yet not PBP's but DS3231's ... Obviously you haven't seen the number written in different format in my message .. Observe the bold formatted number .. The slave address + direction bit ...
- 9th September 2015, 22:02
richard

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

again
from the book (i2cread)

Quote:

The upper 7 bits of the

Control byte contain the control code along with chip select
or additional address information, depending on the particular device. The low
order bit is an internal flag indicating whether it is a read or write command and
should be kept clear.
- 10th September 2015, 00:13
Scampy

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by gunayburak

Here is the code I'm using on PIC16f628A

Where do I make the mistake .. I've read its datasheet and wrote a code accordingly step by step but there must be something I'm missing .. By the way I supply the pic and the DS3231 with 5V

Thanks in advance

I'm no expert, but I don't think the PIC you are using has a Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module so doesn't actually support i2C communications. There are certainly no pins marked SCL and SDA in the datasheet

Juts checked here http://www.microchip.com/ParamChartS...?branchID=1005 and the PIC you are using has no i2c support
- 10th September 2015, 11:55
Dave

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Scampy, I2CREAD and I2CWRITE are PBP "software" routines to emulate I2C operations. You don't need to have MSSP capability in hardware to use them. Infact you can use almost any pin to do the interface.
- 10th September 2015, 14:41
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by richard

again
from the book (i2cread)

So there is no use of the lsb of the control bit , then it's determined by the command's itself ... I mean if it is I2CREAD op then it automatically determines this bit itself ... Am I correct ? I'll give it a try once more by using

Code:

i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010000,$00,var

At least I may read the control or the status register ...

Thanks .. :)
- 10th September 2015, 17:54
Scampy

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by Dave

Scampy, I2CREAD and I2CWRITE are PBP "software" routines to emulate I2C operations. You don't need to have MSSP capability in hardware to use them. Infact you can use almost any pin to do the interface.

Dave,
Interesting to know... but wouldn't it be better to use a chip that had an I2C module, rather than rely on software emulation ? Or doen't PBP make use of the physical modules incorporated in various PICs ?
- 12th September 2015, 00:05
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by gunayburak

So there is no use of the lsb of the control bit , then it's determined by the command's itself ... I mean if it is I2CREAD op then it automatically determines this bit itself ... Am I correct ? I'll give it a try once more by using

Code:

i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010000,$00,var

At least I may read the control or the status register ...

Thanks .. :)

No luck with that either ... I have even pulled the scl and sda up with 4.7 k resistors ... neither I can write nor read the control and status registers ... 😕
- 12th September 2015, 03:46
MichelJasmin

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

I don't want to be rude but RTFM, p.156:

Quote:

The Address size sent (byte or word) is determined by the size of the variable that is used. If a byte-sized variable is used for the Address, an 8-bit address is sent. If a word-sized variable is used, a 16-bit address is sent. Be sure to use the proper sized variable for the device you wish to communicate with. Constants should not be used for the Address as the size can vary dependent on the size of the constant. Also, expressions should not be used as they can cause an improper Address size to be sent.

Pull-up resistors are mandatory for I2C. Keep trying, the DS3231 has nice features like alarms and is more accurate than the DS1307.
- 12th September 2015, 10:49
richard

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

you keep showing this

Quote:

i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010000,$00,var

it should be (apart from what michelj has pointed out)
i2cREAD SDA,SCL,%11010000,0,[var]

yet to be addressed :-
none of the code you have posted seems to have the correct syntax for i2c commands .
do you have a accurate schematic of your setup ?
can you flash a led with your pic ? do the scl,sda pins do anything ?
do you have a oscilloscope or a logic analyser to check output ?
what do you get when you read the command and status regs of the ds3231 (0x0e,0x0f) ?
- 13th September 2015, 09:33
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

I'm a total idiot ... I'll correct the code ...
Thanks guys ...
- 13th September 2015, 11:53
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Now the clock ticks like a clock :) But another problem has revealed .... The RTC I'm using has arrived in a form of a module bought from eBay it has everything on it including an EEPROM ... But the thing is when I remove the primary power source it stops ticking , but I assume the 3V battery on it (it's full by the way 3.2V measured) would take the rebound as it should but it doesn't , I guess there is something I must set in the register which I can not see ... Any ideas ?
- 13th September 2015, 12:29
gunayburak

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

EOSC bit it was .. It must be cleared for once .. Then the Vbat takes the job when the primary power source is removed ...
Thanks to everyone for correcting the syntax mistake in my code .. The paranthesis .... God .. How can I be so blind ...
- 4th January 2016, 23:51
n0yox

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

'DS3231
'Can anyone tell me why this code does not work?
settime:
sda var portb.6
scl var portb.5
cntrl CON $10
rtc CON %11010000
SecReg CON $00
hours = $16
minutes = $40
seconds = $00
month = $01
date = $04
year = $16
day = $02
I2cwrite sda,scl, rtc, $D0, $00,[seconds,minutes,hours,day,date,month,year,cntrl]
return

'This line works fine to read from the DS3231
I2CRead sda,scl, rtc, secreg,[seconds,minutes,hours,day,date,month,year]
- 5th January 2016, 00:13
MichelJasmin

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

See page 159:

Quote:

The Address size sent (byte or word) is determined by the size of the variable that is used. If a byte-sized variable is used for the Address, an 8-bit address is sent. If a word-sized variable is used, a 16-bit address is sent. Be sure to use the proper sized variable for the device you wish to communicate with. Constants should not be used for the Address as the size can vary dependent on the size of the constant. Also, expressions should not be used as they can cause an improper Address size to be sent.

Code:

I2C_Adr VAR BYTE I2C_Adr = $00 I2cwrite sda,scl, rtc, $D0, I2C_Adr,[seconds,minutes,hours,day,date,month,year,cntrl]

HTH
- 5th January 2016, 00:42
n0yox

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

After reading your post I took a look at all of the things you mentioned. While doing this I noticed that I had put the RTC variable in the I2cwrite statement two times .

This did not work > I2cwrite sda,scl,rtc,$D0,I2C_Adr,[seconds,minutes,hours,day,date,month,year,cntrl]

This works > I2cwrite sda,scl,$D0,I2C_Adr,[seconds,minutes,hours,day,date,month,year,cntrl]

I would have looked at that code for a week if you had not helped me!

Thank You !
rc
- 5th January 2016, 07:53
fratello

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Hi ! Can you post your full code for DS3231 ? I intend to build something based on Nokia 3310 display ... (upgrade of this : http://www.picbasic.co.uk/forum/show...083#post129083 )
- 6th January 2016, 02:59
MichelJasmin

1 Attachment(s)

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by fratello

Hi ! Can you post your full code for DS3231 ? I intend to build something based on Nokia 3310 display ... (upgrade of this : http://www.picbasic.co.uk/forum/show...083#post129083 )

See attached file. I use it as an include.

Displaying time is like

Code:

'----[ ALIAS }------------------------- RTC_SDA Var PORTB.3 RTC_SCL Var PORTB.2 '----[ INCLUDES }------------------------- INCLUDE "..\_Include\DS3231.pbp" ... gosub GetTime HSEROUT2 [hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2 RTCMin, ":", hex2 RTCSec, 13, 10]
- 6th January 2016, 06:40
fratello

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Thank You so much !
- 11th August 2018, 17:23
JBKerner

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by MichelJasmin

See attached file. I use it as an include.

Displaying time is like

Code:

'----[ ALIAS }------------------------- RTC_SDA Var PORTB.3 RTC_SCL Var PORTB.2 '----[ INCLUDES }------------------------- INCLUDE "..\_Include\DS3231.pbp" ... gosub GetTime HSEROUT2 [hex2 RTCHour, ":", hex2 RTCMin, ":", hex2 RTCSec, 13, 10]

Michel, I know it's been a long time since this was posted, but doesn't the statement "GOTO OverDS3231" skip over the entire program? Or is this just a case of me not understanding how include files work? -Jeff
- 12th August 2018, 00:39
MichelJasmin

Re: Ds3231 rtc usage

Quote:

Originally Posted by JBKerner

Michel, I know it's been a long time since this was posted, but doesn't the statement "GOTO OverDS3231" skip over the entire program? Or is this just a case of me not understanding how include files work? -Jeff

It skips the include file which contains only functions to be called.